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The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development,and is a key pathway mediating carcinogenesis. Therefore,further studies of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway may provide powerful help for exploring the pathogenesis of tumors and seeking effective diagnosis and therapy. This article reviews the research progress of Wnt/be-ta-catenin signaling pathway and tumorigenesis.
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway participates in cancer cell proliferation,invasion and metastasis and effectively induces drug resistance.It is also the key signal to mediate cancer carcinogenesis.Recent studies in vitro indicate that disturbance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can increase the sensitivity of the cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.In-depth researches and analysis of tumor drug resistance induced by Wnt/β-catenin will provide potential targets and possible therapeutic means for the treatment of tumors.
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Objective To evaluate the mid‐term efficacy of microendoscopic discectomy (MED) and microsurgical lumbar discectomy (MSLD) for treating lumbar disc herniation (LDH) .Methods 98 patients with single segment LDH in the Orthopedic department of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from March 2009 to April 2010 were divided into 2 groups ,including 44 cases undergoing MED and 54 cases undergoing MSLD .The operative efficacies were assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) , Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) .Results There were statistically significant differences in the skin incision length ,amount of intraoperative blood loss and time of returning to work between the two groups (P0 .05) .The mean follow‐up duration was 49 .13 months in the MED group and 47 .24 months in the MSLD group respectively .At the last follow‐up the postoperative back and leg pain VAS scores ,JOA scores and ODI in each group were signifi‐cantly improved compared with the preoperative data (P<0 .01) .However ,there were no statistically significant differences in the intergroup comparison .Conclusion MED and MSLD are the effective methods for treating single segment LDH .However ,MED has less trauma and early out‐of‐bed ambulation ,is an ideal minimally invasive surgery .
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BACKGROUND:In the development of nervous system, the main effect of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is to induce the partition of dorsal and ventral sides in the central nervous system. When above signaling pathway is destroyed, ventral neurons in the central nervous system wil completely lose. OBJECTIVE: To establish adult rat models of acute compressive spinal cord injury, to detect the expression of development-related sonic hedgehog after acute compressive spinal cord injury, and to explore its effects on neural regeneration. METHODS:A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats at the same age were placed in a posterior compression device to establish models of acute compressive spinal cord injury. They were then randomly divided into lamina driling group (n=5) and acute spinal cord injury group (n=25). Sonic hedgehog mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization method at the injury site at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after spinal cord. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression levels of sonic hedgehog increased to the maximal expression levels in grey and white matters 10 mm distal to the lesion site at 7 days after injury. Sonic hedgehog expression was apparently less in ependymal cels than in grey and white matters and was restricted to 5 mm distal to the lesion site, being narrower in its distribution than its occurrence in grey and white matters. These data indicated that acute compressive spinal cord injury can induce the expression of sonic hedgehog. This expression maybe relates to adult neural cel regeneration.
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Objective To observe effect of muscle basal lamina containing neural stem cells (NSCs) in repair of spinal cord injury.Methods Thirty-six SD rats from the same nest were used in the study and spinal cord hemisection models were induced.The animals were classified to blank control group (clearance of the lesion edge only with isotonic saline),NSCs group (transplantation of NSCs to the edge),NSCs + muscle basal lamina group (transplantation of complex of NSCs and muscle basal lamina to the edge) according to random number table,with 12 rats per group.At weeks 4 and 8,survival and migration of the transplanted cells and compatibility of muscle basal lamina with the host were detected.At weeks 2,4,and 8,the hindlimb function was assayed using BBB scoring system.Results NSCs in NSCs + muscle basal lamina group grew at the lesion edge,migrated to both sides of the edge,and integrated with peripheral tissues.Whereas,few NSCs survived at the lesion edge in NSCs group and inflammatory cell infiltration was notable.At week 2,there was no statistical difference of BBB score among the three groups.At weeks 4 and 8,BBB score in NSCs + muscle basal lamina group (7.92 ± 1.00,11.38 ± 1.51) was significantly higher than that in blank control group (3.82 ± 0.75,3.71 ± 0.76) and NSCs group (6.25 ±1.06,8.25 ± 1.83) (P＜0.05).Conclusion Muscle basal lamina orients growth of NSCs along its lumen,facilitates migration of host cells to ground substance within its lumen,and reduces local inflammatory reaction.
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Objective To evaluate the role of neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) in neuropathic pain (NP) in rats.Methods Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 190-210 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each):sham operation group (group S),group NP and NPY2R antisense ohgonucleotide group (group ODN).NP was induced by chronic constrictive injury (CCI).5 μg/μl NPY2R antisense oligonucleotide 30 μl was injected intrathecally 7 days after CCI in group ODN.While normal saline 30 μl was injected intrathecally in group S.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and cold allodynia were measured 3 days before CCI (T0,baseline),7 days after CCI (T1) and at 15 min,1.5,3.0,4.5 and 6.0 h after intrathecal injection (T2-6).The animals were then sacrificed after the last measurement and the lumbar segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of NPY2R and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and co-expression of NPY2R with CGRP in spinal dorsal horn neurons (by immuno fluoresceence).Results Compared with group S,the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold was significantly decreased and cold allodynia was increased at T1-6,and the expression of NPY2R and CGRP and co-expression of NPY2R with CGRP in spinal dorsal horn neurons was up-regulated in NP and ODN groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group NP,the mechanical paw with-drawal threshold was significantly increased at T3-5,and the expression of NPY2R and co-expression of NPY2R with CGRP in spinal dorsal horn neurons was down-regulated (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in cold allodynia and the expression of CGRP in spinal dorsal horn neurons in ODN group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion NPY2R in the spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in the maintenance of mechanical hyperalgesia,but not in the maintenance of clod hyperalgesia in rats.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and mechanism of monosialotetrahexosyl gangliosides ( GM-1 ) on neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats by observing the effect of GM1 on the expression and motor function of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and Choline acetyltransterase (ChAT). MethodsSixty-six adult female Wistar rats (weighing 260-300 g) were enrolled in the study and six were selected randomly as the normal control group. The rest were divided into GM1 group (group A, n =30) and normal saline control group (group B, n =30) after acute contusion injury was made at T10 level according to the improved Allen's method. At days 1,3, 7, 14 and 28 after operation, the neurological function of the low extremities was assessed with the improved Tarlov scale. Then,the rats were sacrificed to obtain the spinal cord tissues. There were six rats in each group at different time points. The expressions of MAP-2 and ChAT were detected with immunohistochemistry after SCI in rats. ResultsThe improved Tarlov scale in the Group A was higher than that in the Group B after SCI since the 7th day after operation, with statistical difference at day 7, 14 and 28 after operation ( P ＜0. 05). The expressions of MAP-2 and ChAT in the Group A were higher than that in the Group B after SCI ( P ＜ 0.05 ). ConclusionsThe neurological function recovery of the low extremities has some correlations with the expressions of MAP-2 and ChAT after SCI in the rats. GM-1 can protect the neurons by promoting the expressions of MAP-2 and ChAT after SCI.
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Objective To discuss the selection and clinical efficacy of operative methods for subaxial cervical dislocation without spinal cord injury. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 11 patients with subaxial cervical dislocation without spinal cord injury treated from January 2004 to June 2009. According to Allen' s classification, all patients suffered from retracted flexion injuries, including seven patients with Ⅰ degree dislocation, one with Ⅱ degree dislocation and three with Ⅲ degree dislocation. There were eighth patients with old dislocation and three with fresh dislocation, both of which were simple cervical trauma without other organ injuries. Open reduction, internal fixation and iliac bone graft spinal fusion were performed in seven patients and combined posterior and anterior open reduction,internal fixation and iliac bone graft spinal fusion in four. All the patients were followed up for observation of clinical effect. Results All operations were completed successfully. There were 11 patients at Frankel grade E preoperatively and 11 at grade E postoperatively. X-ray photographs showed that the sequence and curvature of the cervical spine recovered to normal after operation. All patients were followed up for 3-31 months postoperatively, which showed no redislocation or symptoms of spinal cord injury.Conclusion For lower cervical dislocation combined with locked facet, one-stage combined anterior and posterior reduction and internal fixation should be performed. While for those without locked facet, simple anterior reduction and bone graft spinal fusion is needed. Open reduction, internal fixation and bone graft spinal fusion are effective method for treatment of subaxial cervical dislocation without spinal cord injury.
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Objective To describe the method and clinical result of super sural neuromusculocutaneous flap grafting plus catheter irrigation in the treatment for chronic lateral malleolus osteomyelitis. Methods From March 2000 to March 2008, 17 cases, male 14, femal 3, 21 to 75 years old (average 43-year-old),were underwent reversed saphenous musculocutaneous island flap after wide excision of lateralmalleolus lesion. The cause of lateral-malleolus lesions was trauma. The smallest flap was 5 cm× 6 cm and the largest was 7 cm × 11 cm. Catheter irrigation was used in all cases. Results Follow-up ranged from 12 to 96 months, average 49 months. After operation, the wounds were irrigated with sensitive antibiotics 1 to 2.5 months(average 49 days), and all flaps were survived. Except 2 cases, the other 15 were healed in 1 month.The 2 cases were not healed at first stage. According to the lab result,we changed the antibiotic, and in 2.5 months, we took off the catheter. Conclusion To deal with the chronic traumatic lateral-malleolus osteomyelitis, super sural neuromusculocutaneous flap grafting plus catheter irrigation is approprite and effective.
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Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of using the disposable whole laminectomy, laminoplasty and microsurgical tumor removal to treat intraspinal extramedullary benign tumors. Methods Sixty-four patients, 71 cases adult intraspinal extramedullary benign tumors were removed by the disposable whole laminectomy, laminoplasty and microsurgical tumor removal operation, all postoperative patients were followed up to observe the clinical efficacy. Results Patients with small tumors and large tumors all had a faster recovery of neurological function than preoperative, recent and long-term efficacy were all better than preoperative, and long-term efficacy was superior to short-term efficacy; Patients with giant tumors had a slow-er recovery of neurological function than preoperative, short-term efficacy was not better than preoperative, but the long-term efficacy was superior to preoperative. Conclusion The disposable whole laminectomy, laminoplasty and microsurgical tumor removal is an excellent method of treating intraspinal extramedullary be-nign tumors.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vivo possibility of osteogenesis and angiogenesis of tissue-engineered periosteum in rabbits.METHODS: The marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from New Zealand rabbits were adhered to small intestinal submucosa (SIS) to fabricate the tissue-engineered periosteum. Totally 12 New Zealand rabbits were received critical bone defect in bilateral radii to prepare models. The tissue-engineered periosteum was randomly implanted in one side of bone defect,and the other side was treated by SIS. At 4 weeks after operation, the angiogenesis of tissue engineered bone was detected by Tetracycline fluorescence microscopy and formaldehyde-ink perfusion method; simultaneously, the new bone formation was firmed by haematoxylin-eosin staining.RESULTS: Animals showed normal daily behaviors and non-infection wounds healing. The gross observation showed that bone defects in the experimental side were bridged with newly formed bone; while the defects of the control side were remained empty.Tetracycline fluorescence microscopy and hisotological examination could confirm the new bone tissue formation in the experimental side. The ink staining in new bone specimens suggested that there were abundant of neovasculization in tissue-engineered bone.CONCLUSION: Tissue-engineered periosteum can form new bone in allogenic rabbits and can be vascularized by some inherent mechanism for new bone tissue survivor.
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Objective To review an arthroscopic technique using suture fixation for repair of the tibial eminence fractures.Methods A review of 33 patiernts with 11 Meyers and McKeever type Ⅱ,19Ⅲand 3 Ⅳ fractures of the tibial eminence treated with arthroscopic suture fixation were conducted.Results Mean follow-up time was 7 months(range,6 to 12 months).At follow-up evaluation,the range of motion retum to their previous normal levels(rang,0°to 130°).All patients underwent X-ray examination that confirmed the fracture have been healed in 2 months except 2 cases, and pulled out fixation in 12 months.Conclusion The technique of arthroscopic internal fixation of avulsed tibial eminence fractures in 33 cases is very useful in dealing with the fractures in simple fixation,minimal trauma,quick recovery.
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Objective To investigate the protective effect of extracellular ATP on motoneurons of spinal anterior horn from spinal root avulsion induced cell injurey. Methods Thirty-six Wister rats were randomized into 2 groups: single root avulsion and root avulsion with ATP. The left C5-C8 nerve roots were avulsed, the experiment group was gioven extracellular ATP (2 mg/kg) 0.4 ml by intraperitoneal injection and control group physiological saline water was gioven 0.4ml as the same method, all one time daily, contin-ue injection ATP or saline water 2 weeks. At 2,4 and 6 week postoperatively, C5-C8 spinal cord was har-vested after the rats were executed. The change of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neurofilament protein (NF-200) were observed after histochemistrical examination. Results At 2、4 and 6 week postoperatively, the survival of motorneurons in the spinal anterior was 80.48%, 73.55% and 53.43% in experiment group, was 68.90%、63.58% and 37.72% in control group;compare experiment group with control group, the le-don-induced motomeurons death in the spinal anterior bern was decreased by 11.58%、9.78% and 15.71% respectively (P < 0.01) ; the activity changes of NOS expression rate was 17.85% ,40.20% and 18.03% in experiment group, was 25.53%,53.88% and 25.58% in control group, compare experiment group with con-trol group, the activity changes of NOS expression rate was decreased by 7.68% (P < 0.01), 13.68% and 7.55% (P < 0.05) respectively. The motoneurons expressed NF-200 in the experiment group was larger than the control group, there was significant difference was found between the control group and the experiment group. Conclusion ATP might play certain protective role in survival of motoneurous after spinal root avulsion.
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BACKGROUND: Up to now, no universally successful therapy to treat substantial articular cartilage defects has been available. Numerous therapeutic approaches can only improve clinical symptoms of joint lesions, but not stimulate the regenerative and reactive capacity of the biological tissue in the defect, and not restore an articular surface capable of functional load bearing.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the curative effects of homograft of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded onto cancellous demineralized bone matrix (DBM) on articular cartilage defects.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized controlled study which conducted in Orthopaedics Institute, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from January to March 2005 and Central Laboratory of Guilin Medical Collage from May to August 2008.MATERIALS: Bone metaphysis and vertebral cancellous bone were derived from rabbits to prepare DBM materials. MSCs were seed on DBM stent and cultured in vitro. All 36 rabbits were randomly divided into combination group (DBM/MSCs), DBM alone group, and blank control group, with 12 rabbits per group.METHODS: Full-thickness cartilage defect model of knee joint was frilled using a cylinder of 4 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness on intercondylar fossa. The cartilage defects in the intercondylar fossa were filled with MSCs/DBM in combination group A, with only DBM in the DBM group, and nothing was treated in the blank control group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four rabbits were killed at three time points, which were 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the operation in each group, and the reparative tissue samples were evaluated grossly, histologically, immunohistochemically and graded according to gross and histological scale.RESULTS: Tirty-six rabbits were included in the final analysis. The defects of MSCs/DBM transplantation were repaired by byline-like tissue, and the other defects were repaired by fibrous tissue. Gross and histological grading scale was made on 12 weeks postoperatively. Gross and histological scores in the MSCs/DBM group were significantly lower than DBM group and control group (P<0.05); while, the scores in the DBM group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The full-thickness cartilage defects of rabbits were repaired with homograft of mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto cancellous demineralized bone matrix, which is a promising way for the treatment of cartilage defects.
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AIM: Tissue engineered periosteum fabricated by porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) combined with rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), are similar to the natural periosteum in the morphology, structure and function. The study was designed to explore the cell attachment in process of constructing tissue-engineered periosteum by different wetting methods to determine the most effective method of fabricating tissue-engineered periosteum. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University from September 2005 to March 2007.①Two New Zealand purebred rabbits, 20 days old, were used in this study.②Bone marrow was obtained from healthy rabbits, and BMSCs were isolated by using density gradient centrifugation for culture in vitro. After induction, BMSCs were seeded to SIS wetted with fetal bovine serum (experimental group) and pretreated with phosphate buffered saline (control group), to construct the tissue-engineered periosteum that was cultured for two weeks in vitro. ③The adhesion rates were calculated, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected after seeding. The growth, dissociation and proliferation of the cells were observed by inverted microscope and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: ①At 5 hours and 12 hours after seeding, the adhesion rates were higher in the experimental group than in the control group [(57.34?2.23)%, (39.16?5.22)%, P
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Objective To study the expression of cyclooxypenase-2(COX-2),prognosis of patients and the correlation between COX-2 and CD_(105)in osteosarcoma.Methods The expression of COX-2 and CD_(105)in human osteosarcoma was detected with immunohistochemistry.Then to count the microvessl density (MVD)were marked with CD_(105),The prognosis of the patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed by Cox multi- variate survival analysis.Results The positive rate of COX-2 expression was 77.5 %,The expression of COX-2 was positively correlated with surgical grade and metastasis of osteosarcoma;There were significant difference between surgical grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ b、grade Ⅰ and Ⅲ(P0.05);Metastatic cases had higher MVD than those without metastasis(P
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BACKGROUND: There is still no affirmative conclusion on the proliferative characteristics and the sources of neural progenitor cells after chronic compressive injury of spinal cord in adult mammals and the effects of astrocytes in this process.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the proliferative characteristics and the sources of neural progenitor cell and the effects of astrocytes by means of analyzing the changes of expression of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein after chronic compressive injury of spinal cord and after decompression in adult rats.DESIGN: Completely randomized control trial.SETTING: Orthopaedics Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in Orthopaedics Research Institute of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from March to October 2003. A total of 50 adult healthy Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into normal control group, moderate chronic compressive spinal cord injury group (compressive mass occupied 40% of the diameter of spinal canal), severe compression group (compressive mass occupied 60% of the diameter of spinal canal). Three-day and 10-day decompression groups (depression after 24-hour severe compressive injury) with 10 in each group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Grey value of positive expression of nestin in grey and white matter in spinal cord segment near compression (5 mm to the edge of compression) in rats of each group. ② Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in spinal cord of rats in each group.RESULTS: All the 50 rats entered experimental analysis. ①There were significant expressions of nestin in moderate compression group (white matter 235.33±6.48, grey matter 196.28±6.55), severe compression group (white matter 190.45±4.91, grey matter 173.15±5.98), 3-day decompression after severe compressive injury group (white matter 198.39±3.24, grey matter 180.38±4.51) and 10-day decompression group (white matter 202.55±3.54) (P ＜ 0.05), especially in severe compression group (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the normal control group, the difference between the ex pression of nestin in grey matter and that in ependymal cells on the central canal of spinal cord in 10-day decompression group has no significance (P ＞ 0.05). ②Compared with normal control group, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in spinal cord increased in each injury group,and the amount of positive cells of glial fibrillary acidic protein went up and cell soma was hypertrophic, and the processes became thicker and longer.CONCLUSION: There is neural progenitor cell proliferation in the early stage of chronic compressive injury of spinal cord and after decompression in adult rats. Astrocyte participates in proliferation and migration of neural progenitor cells and has important trophic and repair effects on spinal cord.
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ATP was added to the cultured sensory neurons obtained from the dorsal root ganglia of the neonatal rats and PBS was added to serve as control. MTT assays were conducted to evaluate the survival and activity of the cultured neurons. And the silicone regenerative chamber was used after the sciatic nerve incision of the mature SD rat. 1 mmol/L ATP was injected into the left chamber and 0.09 % natrium chloride was injected into the right chamber as controls. The changes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia were measured histochemically and image analysis was also performed 4 days after the sciatic nerve injury. The results showed that extracellular ATP could enhance the survival of the neurons and the number of NOS positive neurons were significantly different between the ATP and control groups (P<0.05). It was suggested that extracellular ATP had neurotrophic effect on neurons survival and could inhibit the NOS activity of the sensory neurons after the peripheral nerve incision, hence exerting the protective effect on the neurons, which was valuable for nerve regeneration after nerve injury.
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ATP was added to the cultured sensory neurons obtained from the dorsal root ganglia of the neonatal rats and PBS was added to serve as control. MTT assays were conducted to evaluate the survival and activity of the cultured neurons. And the silicone regenerative chamber was used after the sciatic nerve incision of the mature SD rat. 1 mmol/L ATP was injected into the left chamber and 0.09 % natrium chloride was injected into the right chamber as controls. The changes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia were measured histochemically and image analysis was also performed 4 days after the sciatic nerve injury. The results showed that extracellular ATP could enhance the survival of the neurons and the number of NOS positive neurons were significantly different between the ATP and control groups (P<0.05). It was suggested that extracellular ATP had neurotrophic effect on neurons survival and could inhibit the NOS activity of the sensory neurons after the peripheral nerve incision, hence exerting the protective effect on the neurons, which was valuable for nerve regeneration after nerve injury.
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Objective To demonstrate the presentation of the extracellula ATP receptors in peripheral nerve in rats Methods Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed in sciatic nerve of rat Results There were three P2y receptor mRNA expressions in the in the sciatic nerve of the rat,they were P2y2 and P2y4 as well as P2y6 Conclusions Extracellular ATP,as a neurotransmitter,activates the P2y purinoceptors located on the axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and decided the direction of the regeneration axon The P2y receptors are related to the regeneration of the peripheral nerve